Roman Empire.Emp Domitian.lot 431

Description: Roman Empire Emp Domitian Denarius Size: 18 mm Weight: 2.96 gm Certificate of Authenticity is provided. Domitian 11th Roman emperor from AD 81 to 96 AD Domitianus; 24 October 51 18 September 96) wasRoman emperorfrom 81 to 96. The son ofVespasianand the younger brother ofTitus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of theFlavian dynasty. Described as "a ruthless but efficient autocrat",his authoritarian style of ruling put him at sharp odds with theSenate, whose powers he drastically curtailed. Domitian had a minor and largely ceremonial role during the reigns of his father and brother. After the death of his brother, Domitian was declared emperor by thePraetorian Guard. His 15-year reign was the longest since that ofTiberius.As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing theRoman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome. Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his generalAgricolaattempted to conquerCaledonia(Scotland), and inDacia, where Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against KingDecebalus. Domitian's government exhibited strong authoritarian characteristics. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered acult of personality, and by nominating himself perpetualcensor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people andthe army, but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate. Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. He was succeeded the same day by his advisorNerva. After his death, Domitian's memory wascondemned to oblivionby the Senate, while senatorial andequestrianauthors such asTacitus,Pliny the Younger, andSuetoniuspropagated the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern revisionists instead have characterized Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat whose cultural, economic, and political programs provided the foundation of the peaceful second century. Early life Domitian was born in Rome on 24 October 51,the youngest son ofTitus Flavius Vespasianuscommonly known as VespasianandFlavia Domitilla Major.He had an older sister,Domitilla the Younger, and brother, also namedTitus Flavius Vespasianus.Decades of civil war during the 1st century BC had contributed greatly to the demise of the old aristocracy of Rome, which a new Italian nobility gradually replaced in prominence during the early part of the 1st century.One such family, the Flavians, orFlavia gens, rose from relative obscurity to prominence in just four generations, acquiring wealth and status under the emperors of theJulio-Claudian dynasty. Domitian's great-grandfather,Titus Flavius Petro, had served as acenturionunderPompeyduringCaesar's civil war. His military career ended in disgrace when he fled the battlefield at theBattle of Pharsalusin 48 BC.Nevertheless, Petro managed to improve his status by marrying the extremely wealthy Tertulla, whose fortune guaranteed the upward mobility of Petro's sonTitus Flavius Sabinus I, Domitian's grandfather.Sabinus himself amassed further wealth and possibleequestrianstatus through his services astax collectorin Asia and banker inHelvetia(modern Switzerland). By marryingVespasia Pollahe allied the Flavian family to the more prestigiousgens Vespasia, ensuring the elevation of his sonsTitus Flavius Sabinus IIand Vespasian tosenatorialrank. Thepolitical careerof Vespasian included the offices ofquaestor,aedile, andpraetor, and culminated in aconsulshipin 51, the year of Domitian's birth. As a military commander, Vespasian gained early renown by participating in theRoman invasion of Britainin 43.Nevertheless, ancient sources allege poverty for the Flavian family at the time of Domitian's upbringing,even claiming Vespasian had fallen into disrepute under the emperorsCaligula(3741) andNero(5468).Modern history has refuted these claims, suggesting these stories later circulated under Flavian rule as part of apropagandacampaign to diminish success under the less reputable Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and to maximize achievements under EmperorClaudius(4154) and his sonBritannicus. By all appearances, the Flavians enjoyed high imperial favour throughout the 40s and 60s. While Titus received a court education in the company of Britannicus, Vespasian pursued a successful political and military career. Following a prolonged period of retirement during the 50s, he returned to public office under Nero, serving asproconsulof theAfrica Provincein 63, and accompanying the emperor Nero during an official tour of Greece in 66.That same year Jews from theProvince of Judaearevolted against the Roman Empire, sparking what is now known as theFirst JewishRoman War. Vespasian was assigned to lead theRoman armyagainst the insurgents, with Tituswho had completed his military education by this timein charge of a legion. Of the three Flavian emperors, Domitian would rule the longest, despite the fact that his youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his older brother.Titushad gained military renown during the First JewishRoman War. After their fatherVespasianbecame emperor in 69 following thecivil warknown as theYear of the Four Emperors, Titus held a great many offices, while Domitian received honours, but no responsibilities.By the time he was 16 years old, Domitian's mother and sister had long since died,while his father and brother were continuously active in the Roman military, commanding armies inGermaniaand Judaea. For Domitian, this meant that a significant part of his adolescence was spent in the absence of his near relatives. Of the three Flavian emperors, Domitian would rule the longest, despite the fact that his youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his older brother.Titushad gained military renown during the First JewishRoman War. After their fatherVespasianbecame emperor in 69 following thecivil warknown as theYear of the Four Emperors, Titus held a great many offices, while Domitian received honours, but no responsibilities.By the time he was 16 years old, Domitian's mother and sister had long since died,while his father and brother were continuously active in the Roman military, commanding armies inGermaniaand Judaea. For Domitian, this meant that a significant part of his adolescence was spent in the absence of his near relatives. Suetonius, he displayed considerable marksmanship with the bow and arrow.A detailed description of Domitian's appearance and character is provided by Suetonius, who devotes a substantial part of his biography to his personality: He was tall of stature, with a modest expression and a high colour. His eyes were large, but his sight was somewhat dim. He was handsome and graceful too, especially when a young man, and indeed in his whole body with the exception of his feet, the toes of which were somewhat cramped. In later life he had the further disfigurement of baldness, a protruding belly, and spindling legs, though the latter had become thin from a long illness. Certificate of Authenticity is included.

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